Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Law - Essay Example The comprehension of Common Law is significant in light of the fact that it shapes the reason for comprehension of the significant arrangements of different laws. Certain laws in the UK, similar to Law of Torts, Contract Law and Property Laws exist just in Common Law and, consequently, it accept more noteworthy significance. Indeed, even in Australia, the Common Law rehearsed is gotten from the UK Common Laws. There is a solitary Common Law pervasive in Austrialia and there is a typical bond between the Common Law rehearsed in Australia and that found in the UK. The choices of the House of Lords in England likewise frames the reason for judgment in many chose cases in Australia , and even today, the past chose cases in the House of Lords shapes the reason for judgment passed with respect to Common Laws rehearsed in Australia. Stage 2: The tort of carelessness incorporates the accompanying parts of the law, for example, the obligation of care to be appeared, break of obligation with respect to the litigant, genuine causation, lawful causation or remoteness and harm. The Australian Common Law says that the litigant must have an obligation of care towards the inquirer. The petitioner must demonstrate that the respondent has penetrated his obligation by not practicing sensible consideration. The principal viewpoint is whether the litigant owed an obligation towards the petitioner. The subsequent perspective identifies with whether the obligation has been penetrated. Again for the case to hold great, it is additionally important that the specific demonstration were the reason for the misfortune or harms endured. Again the part of how remote or close the activity of the individual made damage the inquirer ought to likewise be surveyed. At long last despite the fact that the penetrate of obligation of the litiga nt has been demonstrated, the carelessness ought to have made injury the inquirer, as an immediate consequence of break of care with respect to the respondent. (a) The case referenced is in regards to accidental trespass with respect to Mary Jane, and as

Capital Punishment Grievous Crime

Question: Talk about theCapital Punishmentfor Grievous Crime. Answer: Presentation The death penalty has been a piece of the legitimate framework from antiquated occasions to rebuff an individual who has been seen as liable of carrying out a shocking wrongdoing. It is an assent forced upon by the administration as per which an individual is denied of his life on account of a wrongdoing submitted by him. The violations which by and large comprise the death penalty are wrongdoings, for example, conspiracy, murders, slaughter undercover work, violations against humankind and atrocities. Albeit 103 nations have completely abrogated the idea of the death penalty it is as yet utilized by fifty six nations as a discipline for normal wrongdoings and six nations with the end goal of war violations. The theme has been a topic of conversation for as far back as hardly any decades on the planet. The radical accept that death penalty is vital in the general public while the nonconformists accept that it ought to be abrogated with quick impact (Foster et al., 2017). Ronald Allen Smith had been accused of the homicide of two youngsters who offered him a ride alongside his shrewd accomplice. The blamed had shot the men in their mind and conceded a similar three weeks after the fact . He didn't request for a lifelong incarceration and rather acknowledged capital punishment. Anyway he later adjusted his perspective and argue forever detainment yet his request was dismissed and he was executed through the deadly infusion process (Global News, 2017). The fundamental reason for the death penalty is to ensure that it sets a model before the general public with the goal that individuals reconsider before carrying out any deplorable wrongdoing. Be that as it may, the idea has end up being unmistakably more impediment than helpful for the general public. The media assumes an imperative job in induction the feelings of open for or against the death penalty (Steiker, 2015). The proposal articulation of this paper is that death penalty isn't helpful for the general public and further raises the expense of the administration towards its upkeep. The discussion over the way that death penalty is simply and effective or not has been available from the time the death penalty had been presented. The good and philosophical contentions according to the death penalty have surprisingly stayed unaltered throughout the years. The issue according to obstruction impact of the death penalty is one of the principle ideas utilized against the act of the death penalty. Different restrictions which have been given against the idea of the death penalty incorporate stylish and moral contemplations and blunders concerning the legal framework emerging out because of individual, political and social defilement. When such disciplines have been applied these sorts of blunders can't be switched or adjusted regardless of whether they have been distinguished. In spite of the fact that the reason for this sort of discipline is to ensure that it forestalls further wrongdoings, for example, murders it has been a long way from accomplishing its outcomes. It is valid as per the financial hypothesis that particular violations are discouraged because of the presentation of disciplines and punishments yet if there should be an occurrence of shocking wrongdoings like homicides and injustice the death penalty has been a long way from viable. As indicated by mental speculations of wrongdoing individual carrying out egregious violations, for example, murders are not in a psychological state to comprehend what the results of such activity may be. Studies of the death penalty contend that human life is so truly significant that no individual can be denied of his life regardless of whether he has been engaged with an egregious wrongdoing like homicide. As indicated by the hypotheses of disciplines the fundamental motivation behind discipline is to ensure that the wrongdoing doesn't happen in future yet the death penalty has not had the option to give insect prevention regardless of whether it has than its evil impacts overrule the advantages i t gives to the general public. Guiltless individuals who have been blamed because of the abilities for the arraignment have and poor protection endure capital punishments and its absolutely impossible in which they can recover their lives when the shortcoming canister the equity framework is found. Just the denounced and the casualty really realizes what occurred at the wrongdoing sight whether the executing accounted to a homicide or a homicide and this reality is brought out as indicated by the abilities of the indictment and protection. The media pays a tremendous job towards coordinating the feelings of open towards the casualties family or the charged. As a rule the media takes the side of the casualties family by concentrating on their side of the story and in this manner the general public turns out to be sincerely for death discipline without breaking down the established truths . On account of Ronald Allen Smith against whom a charge of homicide of two youngsters had been affirmed the media played a comparable sort of job. Here likewise it was seen that demise discipline was utilized as a heavy-handed tool to support the general public. A long time after the individual had been demonstrated blameworthy he was denied of his life where he had experienced critical changes in his character. The discipline simply expanded the expense of the administration without giving any advantage to the general public. As per an investigation directed by college of Columbia about 68% of the all out capital punishments have been venerated following an intrigue which thought about the absence of appropriate guard as a purpose behind such inversions. The contentions gave for the death penalty expresses that the groups of the casualty endure critical misfortune because of the activities of the blamed which can't be fixed and along these lines the death penalty must be given to the denounced so as to ensure that the families and the general public have their confidence reestablished in the lawful framework. Anyway the supporters totally overlook the side of the accuseds family. They additionally endure huge enthusiastic break downs and budgetary issues as they can hardly imagine how there relatives can't be liable of such a wrongdoing and frequently go through noteworthy cash towards the lawful framework till the blamed is executed. Besides it is far for persuading that death penalty gives any advantages to the casualties family as till the time all preliminaries are finished and an individual is executed numerous years as of now pass and it acquires an enthusiastic change the people. Along these lines the death penalty for this si tuation likewise doesn't give any profit to the general public. Bigotry is likewise one of the components which can't be neglected as for the death penalty. It has consistently been accounted for that white individuals frequently get away from the agreement of a passing discipline and once in a while does the sentence gave to them does gets executed. Anyway with regards to dark individuals capital punishment dispensed to them once in a while gets subbed. This prompts prejudice and nullifies the point of uniformity which is one of the essentials on which the legal framework is based. The scientist has likewise seen that the individuals who have been indicted for slaughtering white individuals are bound to be executed as for a capital punishment when contrasted with the individuals who have been sentenced for murdering African-Americans. The supporters of the death penalty contend that it is gainful for the country as the administration doesn't need to manage the expense of giving basics and taking care of killers and attackers. Anyway the commonsense expense of keeping up the death penalty is much higher when contrasted with taking care of the convicts. The cost which the administration needs to bring about in the interminable preliminary strategy alongside keep up morals in the manner by which execution is done is significantly higher at that point accommodating fundamental necessities to the convicts in jail. As a life is in question the appointed authorities and legal counselors put in additional exertion while getting ready for and tending to such issue which essentially builds the expense. A meeting including a deadly infusion process incorporates in any event three lawyers concerning the prisoner, three associate lawyer officers, Department of Rehabilitation and Corrections chief, the jail superintendent two l aw agents and judges (Adams, 2016). Every one of them must be paid by the administrative or the state government and such hearings can additionally proceed for a couple of hours to a couple of days. The normal time frame which is taken by the legal framework from the time the sentence is given and execution is done is around 21 years and the expense per case is in millions which is unquestionably more than then its elective which is Life sentence without the chance for further appeal. As per an investigation led by Lewis and Clark Law School and Seattle University the expense of keeping up capital punishments to the administration is around 3-4 times more than on account of life detainment. As per the investigation the expense of mainlining capital punishment for 61 killers was around $2.3 million which rejected the jail cost where as the expense for keeping up life detainment for 313 killers was around 1.7 million. In the smiths case the duty paid by people in general was pointless ly squandered and there was no advantage given to the general public as smith was executed after a time of longer than 10 years which obviously made noteworthy changes his character. In the event that smith was not executed and had been furnished with a lifelong incarceration rather the open cash would not have been squandered and he would have served the jail network viably. As indicated by the social disruption hypothesis of wrongdoing an individual enjoys crimes if the area of the individual isn't reasonable and wonderful. As indicated by the hypothesis people who have a burdened neighborhood get the characteristics of culpability because of their general condition. Crimes are to a great extent an aftereffect of conditions which are not positive inside a network. The general public where Mr. Smith lived was exposed to regular utilization of medications and it was discovered that the wrongdoing submitted by him which incorporated the homicide of two youngsters was in reality affected by a medication known as LSD. The convict himself requested a capital punishment rather than life detainment for this situation which shows the state of mind of the convict. Life detainment would n

The Article Aims To Assess Whether Data Is Consistent With Critics Cl

The article intends to survey whether information is predictable with pundits' cases on the impacts of television show seeing on the social reality convictions of young people. Pundits estimate the accompanying negative impacts happen (on young people) because of television show seeing: 1) an unending spotlight on odd conduct and social aberrance driving watchers to acknowledge contorted renditions of the real world, 2) desensitization to the enduring of others happens because of (ordinary) watcher resistance to realistic conversations and visitor upheavals, 3) the trivialization of significant social issues because of the misrepresentation of troublesome issues. So as to test the three speculations, an overview was controlled to 282 secondary school understudies extending in age from 13-18. Understudies responded to inquiries concerning their perspectives towards social issues and related media use and television show seeing conduct. The examination investigations was restricted to daytime TV television shows highlighting non-big name people talking about their own lives and issues. The creators the examination dependent on the interpretive hypothesis of correspondence. They endeavored, through the overview, to reveal the manners by which syndicated programs do/don't impact teenagers in showing up at their general significance of social reality. Interpretive speculations depict the procedure whereby the dynamic psyche [the adolescents] reveals the implications of experience [bizarre topics] in whatever structure it might take [talk-show viewing]. The consequences of the study offered help for the primary theory, contested the second and demonstrated in opposition to the third, really setting up a positive connection between syndicated program seeing and the significance of social issues. In spite of the fact that television shows affect young people, the information didn't propose that teenagers are debased by watching them. Stacey Davis and Marie-Louise Mares, Impacts of Talk Show Viewing on Adolescents, Journal of Communication, (1988) p.69-85.

The Nuiances of Help with Academic Writing

The Nuiances of Help with Academic Writing Take a look at that which we have in store for you. There are experts who can assist you as soon as today, but only in the event that you seek their help. If you're looking to obtain a boost on your research paper then you're at the most suitable spot. You may learn without leaving your house, and there are lots of selections available. Research paper help is supplied for all sorts of students that are interested in receiving their research paper done through our services. Paper writing assistance from experts is everything that you need. Our research paper writing services will allow you to get the desired grade that you want. Therefore, the paper writing help that you'll find in our company will be satisfactory. The 5-Minute Rule for Help with Academic Writing Occasionally it can happen you don't understand where to start from in your academic writing, what things to put in your paper and the way to keep the proper paper structure. The majority of the moment, it's tough to develop a thesis once you first begin writing, and it's typical in order for it to change as the paper develops. An outline is quite important before writing an assignment. The response paper format is quite important to create your response paper accurate and to satisfy academic writing demands. Writing as a journalist is, essentially, among the most troublesome types of writing you can make an effort to tackle. Experts recommend your introduction paragraph shouldn't be longer than 1 paragraph and no more than five sentences. Moreover, our all writers are acquainted with referencing style of any sort. A specialist essay writer will write the essay depending on your instruction. What You Should Do to Find Out About Help with Academic Writing Before You're Left Behind An academic writing company can be located on the Internet easily. Our academic experts are almost always ready to accommodate if you aren't pleased with the content of your essay. You need to ensure that your research always depends upon academic sources. There ought to be samples readily available online so the student can acquire an idea how of the caliber of the article written by the tutors of the site. Well, now you may use Skype to discuss with an on-line tutor directly without even being in the exact same nation. There's no demand for you to fret as you are able to find a great deal of online writing companies that may help you finish any writing assignment which you're most likely to have for your classes. If it feels like everything is getting a little too tough to manage, it's important to bear in mind that you're not the only person who's trying hard to balance work and school. A student can ping any time with no hesitation and they're there to help pupils out with all their whole bunch of queries. The Basic Facts of Help with Academic Writing Programming assignments need to be your ultimate alternative. You should sign up and produce the payment to get assistance from experienced tutors on a broad range of subjects. Students just have to elect for a brand that's accurate in providing accurate Law assignment help but at affordable prices. Assignment Help Global is 1 stop solution for all sorts of assignment of MBA and Engineering. International Assignment Help Global Assignment Help is just one of the leading writing service providers on earth. It can be effective to help you recognize the sort of grade you could be getting in class and it is going to also compare your essay with that of thousands of different students that are studying at exactly the same grade level. The students ought to have the liability to pick their own writer. The training course is designed for students with a higher degree of English, so it is a very good resource if you're asking for a greater education position at which you will have to compose a thesis in English. You're able to just take a web-based academic English course. Writing tutors are offered in the next locations. Writing a dissertation is no simple feat, and that means you definitely require the very best writing help it's possible to get. University assignments play an important part in your academic life. Writing economics assignment isn't an easy job since you need to have a great deal of skills and experience in the sphere of economics. Read an article which corresponds to the sort of paper needed and stick to all the actions necessary to finish your academic assignment. Let us now observe the elements each superior assignment must consider. The expression coverage' stands to demonstrate the range of the source used. Whenever AUSTRALIA students aren't able to understand the help material on any Law lesson, they ought to be offered with additional guide material via email to comprehend the Law topic better.

Crusade to Exterminate Vampires in Draculas Inferno by...

â€Å"For life be, after all, only a waitin for somethin else than what were doin, and death be all that we can rightly depend on† (73). Dracula, written by Bram Stoker, involves a small crusade to exterminate the threat of vampires, along with Dracula, the master. Throughout the book, Dracula is a cause for many of the problems, as his sins spread and cause other sins. The sins that are the foundation for the levels of Hell are represented through the negative actions of the characters in Dracula. Dracula represents the sin of Lust early in the novel. Jonathan Harker is at Carfax estate working out business of buying a house in London with Count Dracula. The Count informs him that bad dreams will haunt him if he sleeps outside of his room. Disobeying the Count’s information, Jonathan finds a room with a couch and falls asleep on it. He is awoken by three mesmerizingly beautiful women. All three had brilliant white teeth that shone like pearls against the ruby of their voluptuous lips. There was something about them that made me uneasy, some longing and at the same time some deadly fear. I felt in my heart a wicked , burning desire that they would kiss me with those red lips. It is not good to note this down, lest some day it should meet Mina’s eyes and cause her pain; but it is the truth (39). Jonathan committed Lust, one of the lighter offences in Dante’s Inferno, although it is still punishable by being in Hell. He was soon to be married to Mina, but had a yearning to be

French Terms for Ib Sl French B - 8316 Words

Vocabulary List General and Topic Areas 1 to 5 GCSE French OCR GCSE in French: J730 OCR GCSE (Short Course) in French Spoken Language: J030 OCR GCSE (Short Course) in French Written Language: J130 This Vocabulary List is designed to accompany the OCR GCSE French Specification for teaching from September 2009  © OCR 2010 Contents Contents French GCSE Vocabulary List French Vocabulary List General 2 3 5 12 12 21 28 28 31 36 36 37 40 40 42 48 48 51 Topic Area 1 Home and local area Life in the home; friends and relationships Local area, facilities and getting around Topic Area 2 Health and sport Sport, outdoor pursuits and healthy lifestyle Food and drink as aspects of culture and health Topic Area 3 Leisure and entertainment (includes†¦show more content†¦it doesnt matter however certain / sure luck thing from (a person) half so / therefore dozen equal equally / also, too still / yet again space sort / kind on purpose time much idea there is / are day thing / whatsit handle manner / way make / brand even / same thank you middle mixed less (than) / minus month half medium / average means / way (brand) new neither new Page 5 of 52 French Vocabulary List General nul numà ©ro occasion doccasion occupà © oui particulier pas pas encore pas mal de peut-à ªtre plein plupart plusieurs plutà ´t pointure presque pressà © principal(ement) privà © quand mà ªme quant à   quart quelque chose quelque part quelquefois raison / raisonnable rà ©el rà ©gulier (de) rien salut seconde semblable sembler seul seul / seulement si suffisamment suivant / suivre supà ©rieur sà »r surtout tant tant mieux tant pis tas tel / tellement tiers tous les deux tout le monde unique utile / utiliser vÅ“u voici voilà   volontiers vrai / vraiment y compris no good number opportunity second-hand occupied / busy yes particular step not yet a fair number of perhaps full majority several rather / quiteShow MoreRelatedAims of the Participants and the Peacemakers : Wilson and the 14 Points2334 Words   |  10 Pages11th Grade IB DP History (SL) | Research Paper | Aims of the participants and the peacemakers : Wilson and the 14 points. | Word Count: 1495 | I. Introduction On January 8, 1918, during the Joint Session of the American Congress, Thomas Woodrow Wilson, announced his Fourteen Points to try to ensure permanent peace, bring a speedy end to the World War I (WWI) avoid another cataclysmic conflict as such.[1A] The other allied powers tacitly and cautiously accepted Wilson’s plan as a template forRead MoreMathematical Exploration of The Tower of Hanoi1873 Words   |  8 PagesIB SL Mathematics Internal Assessment: Mathematical Exploration of The Tower of Hanoi Mathematical Exploration: Tower of Hanoi History of Puzzle The Tower of Hanoi was invented in 1883, by French mathematician, Edouard Lucas. Sometimes referred to as the Tower of Brahma, the creation of the puzzle was inspired by a Hindu legend, where the puzzle was used for the mental training of young priests. The priests were given a stack of 64 gold disks, each one a little smaller than the one beneathRead MoreHec Montrà ©al Admission4589 Words   |  19 Pagespour expliquer votre cheminement scolaire. Je suis en train de passer ma dernià ¨re annà ©e scolaire secondaire au lycà ©e Intisana à   Quito. Au mà ªme temps, je suis inscrit au programme du BI (Baccalaurà ©at International) dans les matià ¨res suivantes  : Anglais B NS, Histoire NS, Espagnol A1 NS, Économie NM, Mathà ©matiques NM, Systà ¨mes de l ´Environnement et Socià ©tà ©s NM, et Thà ©orie de La Connaissance TK. Expliquez comment le programme choisi devrait influencer votre carrià ¨re. Le programme B.A.A trilingue estRead Morepaul hoang answers72561 Words   |  291 Pagesfor the encouraging words that many of you have passed on from around the world. In the final installment, I have put together answers/solutions to all 217 case studies. I hope you will find these solutions as a useful starting point. As with all BM mark schemes, the solutions in this Answer Book should be used with caution and flexibility. Students who take an alternative approach to the suggested solutions should still be credited where appropriate; teachers should use their professional

Employee Discipline free essay sample

The disciplinary procedure should follow four rules: * The employee must know the nature of the problem. * The employee must know what he or she must do to fix the problem. * The employee must have a reasonable period of time in which to fix the problem. * The employee must understand the consequences of inaction. Employers must create a discipline policy that will not limit their right to enforce appropriate disciplinary measures. The law requires employers to match the discipline to the seriousness of the offense. The challenge for employers is how to reconcile being consistent in the application of discipline, but still take into consideration the specific facts which tend to make each disciplinary incident unique. Evaluate these 4 criteria when determining the most effective level of disciplinary action: 1. The severity of the offense. 2. The employee’s past performance record. 3. The employee’s length of service with the organization. 4. The organization’s past practice when dealing with this situation. Progressive Discipline Progressive Discipline is defined as a series of disciplinary actions or teps that are progressively more severe leading to improvement of performance or termination from employment. It is usually a set of circumstances or warnings – three strikes and you’re out. The primary purpose of progressive discipline is to assist your employees to understand that: * An opportunity exists for improvement or, * A severe performance problem may exist Companies should consider using the progressive discipline system. The progressive discipline system normally begins with the recruitment process and continues through orientation, training, performance evaluations and daily supervision. A progressive discipline system consists of the following: * A verbal warning * A written warning * Suspension * Termination Misconceptions about progressive discipline! There are many misconceptions concerning progressive discipline. Many employees feel they are entitled to disciplinary measures prior to being terminated. In most cases where at-will employment is the rule, progressive discipline is not a RIGHT; but an opportunity, offered by the employer, to correct performance on the job. It is not a RIGHT unless promised in an employee handbook, collective bargaining agreement or a public, municipal employer. â€Å"At-Will† is the law â€Å"At-will† is the law in every U. S. State (excluding Montana). Employment is at-will unless the employer has taken some type of action to introduce a different policy in the workplace of for a particular employee. An employment relationship for no specific duration may generally be terminated at any time, for any reason or for no reason at all, at the will of either the employer or the employee. The phrase at-will is just another way of saying at the will of either party. In other words, at-will employment means, the job will last as long as both parties wish it to continue and it will end when either party wants it to end. Accordingly, under at-will employment, the employee is not guaranteed a job for any specific period of time. The employment contract between the employer and the employee (any agreement regarding the job, pay, benefits, duties, etc. ) can end at any time. Simply put, the employer may terminate the employee at any time, and the employee may quit at any time. When employees are at-will employees, an employer does not need a reason to justify termination. These employees may be fired for any reason or for no reason. However, employees cannot be fired for an illegal reason, such as unlawful discrimination, refusing a supervisors sexual advances. While to following may differ from state, the below activities may be applicable: * Disclosure or refusal to disclose wages * Voluntary participation in alcohol or drug rehabilitation programs * Refusal to authorize disclosure of medical history or records * Jury duty Political activity * Military service * Volunteer firefighting * Refusal to patronize employer * Refusal to commit illegal activity * Absenteeism caused by attendance at childs school regarding a suspension * Absenteeism for a childs school or daycare activities * Domestic violence victim taking time off to obtain a restraining order, receive care or counseling, or to relocate * Refusal to disclose arrest records that do not lead to co nvictions * Refusal to take polygraph test * Enrollment in adult literacy program * Refusal to participate in abortions Consideration for employment without regard to results of blood tests for AIDS * Serving as election officer on election day * Healthcare workers exercise of statutory duty to report apparent victims of abuse or neglect, without suffering discharge or discipline Some employees are not at-will and are promised some type of job security. If employees have been promised that they will not be fired unless certain conditions are met, the employer must comply with these promises or face a claim for wrongful discharge. Similarly, a discharge may be wrongful when an employer violates an employees procedural rights. For instance, some employers promise employees a formal hearing, a certain number of written warnings, or some other process before they are finally terminated. If an employer fails to carry out these preliminary procedures before firing an employee, the firing may be considered a wrongful discharge. The courts also limit employers rights to terminate employees at-will. There are several instances where employers are not able to terminate an employee at will: * Discharges in violation of public policy. * Discharges that violate the â€Å"good faith and fair dealing† principle. * Discharges that involve breach of contract. Discharges for employee seeking rights under applicable law. * Discharges for cooperation with any investigation. * Discharges for testifying or future testimony in any action brought under appropriate law. Termination under these circumstances is wrongful and often results in a wrongful discharge suit. Each Employee Is Unique Each employee is unique and prog ressive discipline should not be used in a â€Å"cookie cutter† type approach. Progressive discipline should be used in a case-by-case basis, designed to fit each unique situation. Typical steps in a progressive discipline doctrine may include the following: Counseling employees about performance issues and obtaining feedback on the employee’s understanding of the requirements * Verbal warnings or reprimands * Documenting verbal warnings in an effort to improve performance * Provisions for suspensions, etc. After the above offers no resolutions to the problem terminate employment of an individual who refuses to improve. Be fair in all employment practices. Terminate with confidence by preserving the â€Å"at-will† employment status of employees. Termination Terminating an employee can be one of the greatest risks an organization faces. The vast majority of lawsuits filed against organizations are employment related, and the majority of these stem from improper discharge actions. Employment-related litigation is becoming more common, and employees are recovering larger and larger verdicts. Employers should regularly review all of their personnel policies and procedures, as well as employee handbooks and other written personnel documents, to ensure that no promises or statements are being made that could be construed as a binding employment contract. All employers should publish written disclaimers that preserve the employment-at-will relationship. Finally, when terminating employees, an employer should confirm that its action is uniform, consistent and fair. Whenever possible an employee should be given advance warning that particular behavior or continued misconduct could result in termination. Fairness, honesty, and candor with employees are the keys to defending against or successfully avoiding employment-related lawsuits. Conclusion The above is but a brief synopsis of the complex issues and potential risks that might arise when organizations decide to discipline and / or terminate employees. Obtain all the facts, plan before you act and be careful! Strong â€Å"At-Will† policies and careful pre-termination analysis go a long way in reducing the potential for privacy-based employment claims. Philadelphia Insurance Companies has created an alliance with yourHRdepartment (HRD). YourHRdepartment, Incâ„ ¢ provides HR training programs and other materials to all EPL Policyholders to assist the policyholders in reducing their exposure to employment practices liability. This can be accessed through www. losscontrol. com to find out more information. YourHRDepartment. com

Managerial Prerogative Essay Example

Managerial Prerogative Essay There are still ongoing arguments on whether managerial prerogative should be practise by manager without any external interference from states, trade unions and employees. Human Resource Management (HRM), described by Boselie (2009) is using the human resources through high performance work practises which increase an organisation’s competitive advantage (p. 93). Boselie’s reference to high performance work practices indicated strong highly control through managerial prerogative. This paper stressed the importance of interventions from trade unions and state tribunals as supported by Nissan (as cited in Godfrey, Dale, Marchington Wilkinson, 1997, p. 3) that the consequences of allowing managerial prerogative on issues such as recruiting, selecting, training and development reduced teamwork commitment, loyalty to organisation, skilled employees The unitary theory (HRM) enforce managerial prerogative, one source of authority where decision makings should be done by management solely which employees have to obey the decisions management made. Trade union’s intervention (Bray Warring, 2006, p. 46) is considered as the inhibitor force due to the effect of collective bargaining on an organisation. On the contrary, Oakland (as cited in Godfrey, Dale, Marchington Wilkinson, 1997, p. 559) argued controlling others is not an effective approach. Pluralistic approach pointed out the need for interventions as conflicts are inevitable. There are always issues to be address and solve. This is where trade union’s step in when managerial control undermines employee rights. We will write a custom essay sample on Managerial Prerogative specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Managerial Prerogative specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Managerial Prerogative specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Trade union negotiates with management regarding the concerns voiced by employees. At times which management tend to neglect as they emphasised on efficiency and standardisation as well as profitability. There are several examples incorporated to illustrate the downside of practising the HRM approach. First off is Australia. The Howard Government â€Å"Workplace Relations Act 1996† has replaced Keating (Australian Labour Party) Government awards with enterprise agreements. The enterprise agreements encouraged individual bargaining contract agreements whereby increasing managerial prerogative. Bray Warring (2006) argued the righteousness of the individual contracts because different employees will then have different pay systems in regards to overtime or weekends or public holiday’s rates (p. 55). The question is whether employees have a choice to accept or reject the offer? Management has made unilaterally decision making when making that offer to employees. In result, teamwork is damaged consequentially of individual pay system Collective bargaining was reduced during that era. Beaumont Harris (1996, p. 392) agreed that HRM removes collective bargaining. Collective bargaining (Gardner Palmer, 1997) is the mutual agreement after trade union and management discussed and negotiated after issues such as remuneration and workplace environment. Barneveld and Nassir (2003, p. 29) pointed out that the individual contracts reduced labour costs as the centralised awards system were ignored. The inequality pay system caused an employee to have lower wage reduced more as compared to fellow colleagues with position and skills. A trade union as described by Perline and Poynter (1988, p. 28) is the solace to fight this inequality as the power of collectivism made their voices stronger in attempting to solve their issues. Therefore, bargaining experiences as Walton and McKersie (as cited in Beaumont Harris, 1996, p. 400) emphasised should be share for the benefits of employees. The shared bargaining experiences are the key towards creating effective teamwork beneficial for problem solving of all parties involved. Understandably, the current econom ic environment, all organisations have to manage effectively and efficiently at the same time using low cost inputs. In order to do this, an organisation has the choice to either hire skilled labour or machineries. Using hire skilled labours for example, in order to attract these people to work in that organisation, a manager (Tsui Wu, 2005) offers lucrative pay to attract the individuals to come and work with the selected organisation (p. 119). When these happen, manager will do further cost cutting through redundancies or wage cuts to accommodate the new recruitments. This short term requirements, Mabey (as cited in Baker, 1999, p. 54) do not strategically fit to HRM’s objective as the approach that oversees long term benefits. The key to attract and retain candidates are to avoid arbitrary treatment by management. The pluralistic approach helps employees to fight this arbitrary treatment. Rhetorically, if training is carried out, on the long term run, current employees will be more multi-skilled. Therefore, the redundancies and wage cuts can be avoided. Organisation does not need to increase labour wages as Goux Maurin (as cited in Grip Sieben, 1997) discovered that training has no real effect on workers’ wages (p. 2). A worker’s wage does not oversee any increment from the training when firm’s paid for it. Either the firm delivered on the job training or off the job training. In addition, the skills of the workers are not rewarded according to their relevance for the productivity of the firm. A worker’s computer skill may be advantageous towards firm’s productivity but nonetheless, a worker’s wage would not be given extra incentive just because he/she possess this particular skill. In other words, the unitarist approach in the organisation increased workers workloads. The downside of adopting this approach is that performance in workplace drop expressing weak psychologically commitment to the organisation. Secondly, loyalty to organisation is now replaced with a contract like economic exchange. In the end, management lose high performance and committed employees. In terms of health and safety issue, what happens when an employee refuse to work in hazardous work environment in fear of his/her personal safety? McDonald as all know is the biggest fast food employer with high labour turnover. Significantly, they are also overtly anti-union. There was a case where two youngsters, Tessa Lowinger and Jennifer Wiebe were exasperated with the unsafe working environment. Their repetitive consulting management on these problems fell on deaf ears. They joined a union because they believed on collectivism power is stronger compared to their individual consultation to management. However, when they were discovered joining a union, their wage was deduce to 25 cents an hour. HRM enforcement subjectively allows McDonald to ignore in ensuring employees safety and punished these two teenagers for joining a union and speaking up for better working environment (Featherstone, 2008, p. 4 5). The other disadvantage of HRM in terms of unfair dismissal can be shown through the case of Drapp and Nickens, former employees of McDonald (Featherstone, 2008, p. 5) who were dismissed because they organised strike. Ronnnmar (2006, p. 61) argued it is the breach of duty of obedience that allowed management to dismiss them based on â€Å"the employer’s right to direct and allocate work. † Yet, management was the one who failed to regulate the content of the obligation of work. Regulating the contract for management was proven to be difficult and economically inefficient to properly define the contract. Plus, it’s an â€Å"employer’s right to direct and allocate work and right of transfer,† disregarding employees sayings (Malmberg as cited in Ronnnmar, 2006, p. 64). Another party that intervene when dispute between management and trade union cannot be solve, by which both parties bring forth their case to state tribunals. It plays the regulatory tool (Peetz, 2005, p. 90) as it introduced legislation that all industries have to follow; keeping managerial prerogative under control. Gardner Palmers (1997) described the process of intervention where the first step is to coerce the defendant and plaintiff to try to come to terms into agreement. If failure to come to terms, arbitrator will make decision to settle the dispute. The decision of arbitrator will usually pass lawful code where it is mutually accepted by both parties (p. 189). Managerial prerogative can be exercise if there are cooperative communication between trade unions and management. Sirota et al. (as cited in Karnes, p. 196) corresponded â€Å"there is a strong positive relationship between employee morale and business success, as gauged by productivity, quality, sales, long-term stock market performance and many measures. Trust is the key to good employer – employee relationship (Tsui Wu, 2005; Hills, Madigan Scott as cited in Beaumont Harris, 1996). A business success is build up by the members (employees) in the organisation! Even machines require human labour to be operative. Another issue caused by managerial prerogative are inefficiency and decentralise decision making in an organisation (Kleiner and Bouillon, as cited in Schwoerer, May Ros en, 1995, p. 535). Nissan plant in Sunderland (Garrahan Stewart as cited in Graham, Dale, Marchington Wilkinson, 1997, p. 5) was supposedly practised empowerment yet employees pace were controlled by increas6ed workload with only short breaks to meet productivity targets. Productivity targets were met as management achieved cost effectiveness. Is this acceptable for employees where they were mislead on the truth? Implementing HRM is beneficial in the long run but only with employer and employees involvement in structuring those organisation’s plans/objectives. However, HRM requires a necessity of intervention from external parties to keep the managerial prerogative’s power exercise in an objective manner. Employees are motivated and be more innovative when they felt that manager or the organisation treat them decently and with respect. It is a matter of providing common framework, strategies that accommodate the knowledge of industrial relations and human resource management. To conclude this essay, it is simply a matter of trying to find the balance that satisfies all parties.

A Primer on the Price Elasticity of Demand

A Primer on the Price Elasticity of Demand Price elasticity of demand (sometimes referred to simply as price elasticity or elasticity of demand) measures the responsiveness of quantity demanded to a price. The formula for price elasticity of demand (PEoD) is: PEoD (% Change in Quantity Demanded)/(% Change in Price) (Note that price elasticity of demand is different from the slope of the demand curve, even though the slope of the demand curve also measures the responsiveness of demand to price, in a way.) 2:48 Watch Now: How Does Price Elasticity of Demand Work? Calculating the Price Elasticity of Demand You may be asked the question Given the following data, calculate the price elasticity of demand when the price changes from $9.00 to $10.00. Using the chart on the bottom of the page, well walk you through answering this question. (Your course may use the more complicated Arc Price Elasticity of Demand formula. If so, youll need to see the article on Arc Elasticity) First, well need to find the data we need. We know that the original price is $9 and the new price is $10, so we have Price(OLD)$9 and Price(NEW)$10. From the chart, we see that the quantity demanded when the price is $9 is 150 and when the price is $10 is 110. Since were going from $9 to $10, we have QDemand(OLD)150 and QDemand(NEW)110, where QDemand is short for Quantity Demanded. Thus we have: Price(OLD)9Price(NEW)10QDemand(OLD)150QDemand(NEW)110 To calculate the price elasticity, we need to know what the percentage change in quantity demand is and what the percentage change in price is. Its best to calculate these one at a time. Calculating the Percentage Change in Quantity Demanded The formula used to calculate the percentage change in quantity demanded is: [QDemand(NEW) - QDemand(OLD)] / QDemand(OLD) By filling in the values we wrote down, we get: [110 - 150] / 150 (-40/150) -0.2667 We note that % Change in Quantity Demanded -0.2667 (We leave this in decimal terms. In percentage terms this would be -26.67%). Now we need to calculate the percentage change in price. Calculating the Percentage Change in Price Similar to before, the formula used to calculate the percentage change in price is: [Price(NEW) - Price(OLD)] / Price(OLD) By filling in the values we wrote down, we get: [10 - 9] / 9 (1/9) 0.1111 We have both the percentage change in quantity demand and the percentage change in price, so we can calculate the price elasticity of demand. Final Step of Calculating the Price Elasticity of Demand We go back to our formula of: PEoD (% Change in Quantity Demanded)/(% Change in Price) We can now fill in the two percentages in this equation using the figures we calculated earlier. PEoD (-0.2667)/(0.1111) -2.4005 When we analyze price elasticities were concerned with their absolute value, so we ignore the negative value. We conclude that the price elasticity of demand when the price increases from $9 to $10 are 2.4005. How Do We Interpret the Price Elasticity of Demand? A good economist is not just interested in calculating numbers. The number is a means to an end; in the case of price elasticity of demand it is used to see how sensitive the demand for a good is to a price change. The higher the price elasticity, the more sensitive consumers are to price changes. A very high price elasticity suggests that when the price of a good goes up, consumers will buy a great deal less of it and when the price of that good goes down, consumers will buy a great deal more. A very low price elasticity implies just the opposite, that changes in price have little influence on demand. Often an assignment or a test will ask you a follow-up question such as Is the good price elastic or inelastic between $9 and $10. To answer that question, you use the following rule of thumb: If PEoD 1 then Demand is Price Elastic (Demand is sensitive to price changes)If PEoD 1 then Demand is Unit ElasticIf PEoD 1 then Demand is Price Inelastic (Demand is not sensitive to price changes) Recall that we always ignore the negative sign when analyzing price elasticity, so PEoD is always positive. In the case of our good, we calculated the price elasticity of demand to be 2.4005, so our good is price elastic and thus demand is very sensitive to price changes. Data Price Quantity Demanded Quantity Supplied $7 200 50 $8 180 90 $9 150 150 $10 110 210 $11 60 250

Discussion questions1-3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion questions1-3 - Essay Example The interpreter does not differentiate between exception and syntax error, it continues to interpret and execute the source code till possible. However, it stops interpreting where finds a syntax error with an error message. In this regard, it is achievable for interpreters to handle the syntax errors as exceptions to continue an execution of a source code/program even after the syntax error. Defensive programming is to investing more time in writing a secure program by validation of extensive of input, avoiding garbage values and standardization of exception handling. The defensive programming relates to variables as in the defensive programming we need to use naming scheme (preferably Hungarian Variables) begins with int, str and providing meaningful variables names. All the variables should be explicitly initialized to avoid garbage values, long script should be break into sections that facilitates reusability and makes easy debugging. Hence, it can be said that the defensive programming avoids not only syntax errors but also some semantic errors while using the above methods, so that when viewing variables the programmer explicitly knows for what purpose the variable is declared and used in a program. Spreadsheet model is one of the major business models that is ubiquitous and allow us to develop more complex and detailed models than traditional mathematics allows. It facilitates business communication especially performing modeling tasks and accounting statements in effective and efficient manner, as it is more-powerful and refined tool. This is the reasons for which spreadsheet modeling is high in demand of recruiters. Modeling helps us to make informed decisions in any business. We can model a system before its actual implementation to know any defect in the model, test the model and can identify pros and cons of the modeled system. Modeling can be used to investigate alternate ways of doing business, without investing in a

NURSING AND SOCIAL WORK SKILLS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

NURSING AND SOCIAL WORK SKILLS - Essay Example Through science, nurses obtain the skills and technology they rely on to achieve each patients optimal health (Dougherty, L & Lister, S. 2004). In this essay I will illustrate how I worked and established a working relationship with service user TJ during my 100-day statutory placement at a primary care community setting for people with learning disabilities and mental health problems. I will consider the interactions and interventions embarked upon with the patient, critically analyzing my work practice by linking theory to practice. My work with this patient involved helping and supporting him to develop new skills and more importantly to lower his aggression towards others in the day centre. The assignment will look at the rationale for utilizing a holistic philosophy of care and employing an anti-discriminatory and anti-oppressive practice in nursing. I will also discuss how developed a close relationship. I will divide the essay into five sections. The first will discuss the des cription of the work. The second section will analyse how relationship was established. The third section will identify anticipated and actual barriers in the relationship. The fourth will talk in depth how the relationship was brought to a close. Reflecting upon my interactions with the patient I will analyze the influence of the reflective process. Following guidance from the NMC code of professional conduct and the GSCC Codes of Practice, the names of the patients have been changed to ensure confidentiality. The placement will remain unidentified and referred to as Edwardian Day Centre. The final section will provide an evaluation of my success (if any) in establishing the relationship with TJ. The essay will than be concluded.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Established with the aim to enable people with learning disability to live independently in the society, Edwardian Day Centre considers its members (aged 18-65) as students rather than service users as this prevents labelling (Cynthia, B.

Psychoanalytical Approach to Family Counseling Essay Example for Free

Psychoanalytical Approach to Family Counseling Essay Whether one is conscious of it or not, we all have our respective worldviews. The way we view life in general and our approach to it is the worldview that control and guide us in every decision that we make – in the way we cope pressures, and even as we celebrate and enjoy good days. Since on a particular worldview a person stands or falls, it is very important to constantly check and evaluate one’s philosophy of life. If I will be asked the question: â€Å"Which philosophy is the best philosophy? † The best answer that I can come up with is, â€Å"Of course, the philosophy that encourages intellectual development. † Christianity is a religion that has been compared, every now and then, to many philosophical persuasions; and most of the time, it was either mixed with other worldviews which were totally strange to it, or the proponents of other strange worldviews have attempted to enjoin Christianity to their philosophy, which inevitably have resulted in confusion and clever duplicity in individuals who follow and experiment into this game (Cheung, 2007, p. 34). For generations, people in different civilizations have become witnesses of how their fellows advocated multiple philosophical disciplines. In fact, today, if one would just observe closely, many hold a compound of various beliefs that got rooted and accumulated for years in the family via environmental conditioning. The by-product of this kind of influence is an individual who cope through the varying situations and circumstances of life with the competence of a chameleon. This kind of approach will not properly help in the development and growth of a person as he or she wades his/her way through college. Contrary to the perception of many, the Biblical Worldview is the one philosophy that encourages the pursuit of true knowledge. It, in fact, commands the engagement of the intellect in the pursuit and exploration of true scientific studies. What precipitated the period of Enlightenment? Was it not when people were hungry for the Truth (Shelley, 1982, p. 55)? And these are periods in the history of humankind when the Biblical Worldview was being brought to the fore of society’s endeavors. If there are two philosophies that developed naturally from one to another, they are Judaism and Christianity. The flow of growth from beginning to consummation is recorded in the Old and the New Testament of the Bible (Escalona, 2008, p. 87). B. Literature review The Extent of Usefulness of the Theory A survey in literature reveals that there is little evidence so far in studies that deliberately seek to determine the efficacies of psychodynamic approach in comparison with any of the other approaches in the treatment of abnormal behavior. A few which came out, in particular one research looked into the applicability of treatment in anorexia and bulimia cases which utilized the psychodynamic model and other models such as cognitive orientation treatment. Results of the experiment by Bachar et al (1999, p. 67) showed positive outcomes where this particular approach was used. It must be remembered that mainstream psychology and psychiatry widely use the cognitive model in explaining and treating abnormal behavior. In the controlled, randomized study by Bachar and team members however, the research highlighted the efficacy of psychodynamic approach in the treatment of anorexia and bulimia disorders. Other studies however show that therapists usually employ a combination of cognitive and psychodynamic approaches or an integrative method in the psychological treatments and interventions (Kasl-Godley, 2000, p. 92). Many of the cases today then, support this view rather than a single method in an efficacious treatment of many of these mental and emotional diseases. The disadvantages of the psychodynamic approach in many of the studies done based on a using this as a single method is that of the apparent difficulty of precise measurements on the treatment procedure itself. The approach usually is limited by whether it can be exactly replicated. Specifically, one other limitation or disadvantage is that the cause of phenomena (i. e. , symptom substation) cannot be located. In addition, another setback is that not all individuals can be hypnotized when using hypnosis in the therapy especially (Kaplan, 1994, p. 431). Reference: Bachar, Eytan, Yael Latzer,Shulamit Kreitler, Elliot Berry 1999. Empirical comparison of two psychological therapies: Self Psychology and Cognitive Orientation in the treatment of Anorezia and Bulimia. Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research. American Psychiatric Association 8:115-128, Freud, Sigmund. [1901] 1990. The psychopathology of everyday life. New York. W. W. Norton and Company, Inc. Halonen, JS and JW Santrock, 1996. Psychology: Contexts of Behavior, Dubuque, IA: Brown and Benchmark, p. 810. Hilgard, ER, RR Atkinson, and RC Atkinson 1983. Introduction to Psychology. 7th ed. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanich, Inc. Hurlok, E. B. 1964. Child Development. New York: Mcgraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. Kaplan, HI, BJ Saddock and JA Grebb. 1994. Kaplan and Saddock’s Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behaviroal Sciences clinical psychiatry. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins. Kasl-Godley, Julia 2000. Psychosocial intervention for individuals with dementia: An integration of theory, therapy, and a clinical understanding of dementia. Clinical Psychological Review. Vol. 20(6). Leahey, B. B. 1995. Psychology: An Introduction. Iowa: WCB Brown and Benchmark. Rathus, S. A. 1990. Psychology 4th ed. Orlando Fl. : Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Sdorow, L. M. 1995. Psychology, 3rd ed. Dubuque, IA:WCB Brown and Benchmark Publishers Santrock, J. W. 2000. Psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill. ________ Models of abnormality http://intranet1. sutcol. ac. uk:888/NEC/MATERIAL/PDFS/PSYCHO/ASPSYCHO/23U2_T5. PDF Part II. Integration Section A. Introduction Nowhere is counseling more relevant than the conditions and dilemmas faced by man today. The Bible mentions about the the fears that assail humans then during the early days, and which will be experienced also as time draws to a close. Jeremiah 17:8 implies about the kind of fear which some if not many, will succumb â€Å"when heat comes† (RSV). This illustrates as well that the stressful days are but natural to one’s existence; an affliction to being born into a fallen world. Ephesians 2 is even more clear what befalls on a person who is â€Å"dead in trespasses and sins† (KJV); he is subject to the dictates of a world system (v. 2a, KJV), being in the clutches of the evil spirit (v. 2b, KJV), and awaits the anger that God has on them (v. 3, KJV). All these may position any individual to a life of anxiety, depression, wrongful habits ((v. 3, KJV), substance abuse and other addictions that definitely determine the deterioration of overall mental and physical health. The functioning therefore of any person may be compromised and taxed to the limits, producing individuals who are abusive and getting abused. When not operating in optimal condition, man is sure to experience what psychology tends to diagnose and label as malfunctioning and maladjusted; at worst, the evidence of mental institutions’ existence only shows how this truth has long been spoken about in the Bible. Hence, the Bible becoming more relevant, and a theologically and scientifically trained counselor is even more needed these days. In the field of counselling, the primary considerations that those in the field who are practicing directly or indirectly have something to do with the previously held belief system, or the worldview or philosophy behind the notion of human behaviour. This goes to say that one who ventures into the business of healing and curing emotions and psychological problems must get into a thorough understanding of his/her personal approach to the study of human behaviour. The counselor seeks to explain human nature, the issue of sin or prbably emphasizing or reducing the Scriptural mandate and God’s verdict (whichever side he/she is on), and which eventually dictates intervention strategies, if any. It is even bold as to say that counseling in whatever front is basically â€Å"religious† in nature because in the end, what is upheld or emphasized by the counselor expresses deep-rooted philosophy or religious beliefs. The paper thus seeks to present a personal understanding of how practice in counseling is believed to be done considering the personal qualities, depth and realizations of Biblical truths (this is pre-eminent), and many of the nitty-gritty concepts that comprise the practice of counseling in one’s context. Being in contemporary America, with the recent economic meltdown that leave many surprised and shocked of the reduction of most of their economic capabilities to barely the minimum, being relevant as a counselor is not only a necessity, but it is the very important ingredient to helping many survive with their mental faculties intact. Therefore, this paper makes bold assumptions about human nature in general, how this is addressed in various situations that the average man will be meeting, and how growth (which is interpreted as a positive direction the individual will take) in all areas of his existence may take place. B. Psychoanalytic therapy Leading figures Primary importance is given into the development of one of the most influential disciplines in the world today and that is psychology. This is due to the fact that psychology seemed almost foremost in virtually every kind of decision making process that man makes. Because of this serious biblical ministers and/or scholars or theologians have long studied these effects and have come up with their answers and with their verdict. A Brief History of Modern Psychology by Ludy T. Benjamin, Jr. (2006, p. 23) starts to trace the roots of psychology when Wundt, in 1879, initiated what is now recognized as the first psychology laboratory. The author Benjamin satisfies the reader on what made the psychology today a very much pursued subject of interest as well as a career. Tackling on the lives of the people foremost in this discipline, the book made an otherwise boring and usually uninteresting subject matter into an exciting topic any student will be able to handle. The author mentioned details of the pioneers’ lives and the social milieu that characterized their lives and culture during their day which in all realistic evaluation had made its contribution to what their theoretical perspectives had developed. Other important highlights include the development of psychological tests and assessment techniques that Stanford and Binet spearheaded among others. The following narrative on one of psychology’s key players and foremost in what is now known as the â€Å"first force† in the field gives the reader the importance of their contribution to cotemporary psychology (Benjamin, 2006, p. 76). -Freud, Sigmund Viennese neurologist, founder of psychoanalysis (1856-1939) took his medical degree at the University of Vienna in 1881 and planned a specialist’s career in neurology. Lack of means forced him to abandon his research interests for a clinical career. His interest in what was to become psychoanalysis developed during his collaboration with Josef Breuer in 1884, which resulted in Studies in Hysteria, The Interpretation of Dreams appeared in 1900, Three Contributions to the Theory of Sex in 1905, and the General Introduction to Psychoanalysis in 1916 – a book which contained the evolving theory of the libido and the unconsciousness, in subsequent years, Freud’s outlook became increasingly broad as revealed by the titles of his later works (Benjamin, 2006, p. 54). C. Psychoanalytic Theory The psychodynamic perspective is based on the work of Sigmund Freud. He created both a theory to explain personality and mental disorders, and the form of therapy known as psychoanalysis. The psychodynamic approach assumes that all behavior and mental processes reflect constant and unconscious struggles within person. These usually involve conflicts between our need to satisfy basic biological instincts, for example, for food, sex or aggression, and the restrictions imposed by society. Not all those who take a Psychodynamic approach accept all of Freud’s original ideas, but most would view normal or problematic behavior as the result of a failure to resolve conflicts adequately. This paper attempts to distinguish itself in trying to not only understand the theory that Freud pioneered and polished by some of his faithful followers but especially determine the extent of its usefulness in explaining and treating abnormal behavior.. It is the aim of the author to present in precis a description and explanation of the psychodynamic approach and its usefulness in the context of abnormal behavior (Kaplan, 1994, p. 657). To interpret the theoretical framework of Freud in the context of the Christian religion or Biblical Christianity is essential in order to discover whether their fundamental teachings can mix well in mainstream Christianity. Freud taught about the personality constructs of id, ego and superego; about free association, instincts (life and death); his very controversial psychosexual stages of oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital; the fixation and cathexis concepts. In general this is a theory of personality dynamics which is aimed at the motivational and emotional components of personality. It sounds good that according to Freud, man inherits the life and death instincts (libido and mortido). In the Biblical perspective, however, all these concepts are traceable to the sinful nature which all human species have inherited from the first couple Adam and Eve. In some portions of the Biblical record (Roman 5:12), Adam is said to be the federal head and from him has proceeded both sinful nature, which is inherent in all men, and death – which is the Fall’s eventual outcome. The Bible highlights sin as the main problem of all of the manifestations of abnormality as reflected or manifested in the psyche or human behavior (Bobgan, 1987, p. 543). This theory discounts religion’s God’s pre-eminence, sovereignty and will, and active role in a person’s life. It also discounts man’s ultimate accountability before an almighty God. Moreover, it discounts many of the fundamentals that the Bible teaches, like sin and repentance, just Freud’s other followers propounded (Bobgan, 1987, p. 544). Fundamentally, environment is not to be blamed. Nothing could be more accurate than stating it in exactly the same manner that the Apostle has echoed the true state of affairs. It is somehow true to say, â€Å"It’s all up in the mind. † People violate neighbors because first they have violated the laws of God. And so, â€Å"In the futility of their mind, having their understanding darkened, being alienated from the life of God, because of the ignorance that is in them, because of the blindness of their heart; who, being past feeling, have given themselves over to lewdness, to work all uncleanness with greediness† (Eph. 4:17-19). As daily news in the headlines air everyday, and practically speaking, people have made it their daily business to work driven by greed, never minding what they leave behind in their wake. Because the fight has long been lost – which is in the level of consciousness – everyone now is at the mercy of chance, relationally, in this world. And it goes both ways. Many of the disorders or mental illnesses recognized today without a doubt have their psychodynamic explanation aside from other viewpoints like that of the behaviourist, or the cognitivists. From simple childhood developmental diseases to Schizophrenia, there is a rationale that from Freud’s camp is able to explain (Kaplan et al, 1994, p. 76, 98, 456). I. The Psychodynamic concepts A. Theory of Instincts Libido, Narcissism, Instincts and Pleasure Reality Principles. Freud employed â€Å"libido† to denote to that â€Å"force by which the sexual instinct is represented in the mind. † This concept is quite â€Å"crude† or raw in its form hence this refers far more than coitus. Narcissism was developed by Freud as his explanation of people who happened to have lost libido and found that in the pre-occupation of the self or the ego, like in the cases of dementia praecox or schizophrenia. Persons afflicted with this mental illness appeared to have been reserved or withdrawing from other people or objects. This led Freud to conclude that a loss of contact with reality is usually common among such patients. The libido that he conceptualized as innate in every person is herein explained as invested somewhere else and that is precisely the role of self-love or narcissism in the life of one afflicted. The occurrence of narcissism is not only among people with psychoses but also with what he calls neurotic persons or in normal people especially when undergoing conditions such as a physical disease or sleep. Freud explains further that narcissism exists already at birth hence, one can expect realistically that newborn babies are wholly narcissistic (Sdorow, 1995, p. 67). Freud classified instincts into different distinguishing dimensions namely: ego instincts, aggression, and life and death instincts. Ego instincts are the self-preservative aspects within the person, while aggression is a separate construct or structure of the mind which is not a part of the self-preservative nature of the human mind. Its source is found in the muscles while its objective is destruction. Life and death instincts called Eros and Thanatos are forces within the person that pulls in opposite directions. Death instinct is a more powerful force than life instinct (Rathus, 1988, p. 55). The pleasure and reality principles are distinct ideas that help understand the other aspects of Freud’s theory. The latter is largely a learned function and important in postponing the need to satisfy the self (Sdorow, 1995, p. 98). B. Topographical theory of the mind Much like real physical mapping or description of a land area, the topographical theory appeared as attempt to designate areas of the mind into regions; the unconscious, the preconscious, and the conscious. The Unconscious mind is shrouded in mystery (Kaplan, 1994). It is the repository of repressed ideas, experiences and/or affects that are primary considerations when the person is in therapy or treatment. It contains biological instincts such as sex and aggression. Some unconscious urges cannot be experienced consciously because mental images and words could not portray them all in their color and fury. Other unconscious urges may be kept below the surface by repression. It is recognized as inaccessible to consciousness but can become conscious by means of the preconscious. Its content is confined to wishes seeking fulfilment and may provide the motive force for the formation of dream and neurotic symptoms. In other words, unconscious forces represent wishes, desires or thoughts, that, because of their disturbing or threatening content, we automatically repress and cannot voluntarily access (Santrock, 2000, p. 43). The Preconscious is a region of the mind which is not inborn but developed only when childhood stage is beginning to emerge. The preconscious mind contains elements of experience that presently out of awareness but are made conscious simply by focusing on them. Freud labelled the region that poked through into the light of awareness as the Conscious part of the mind. Conscious thoughts are wishes, desires, or thoughts that we are aware of, or can recall, at any given moment. It is closely related in understanding as that of the organ of attention operating with the preconscious. With attention the individual is able to perceive external stimuli. However, Freud theorized that our conscious thoughts are only a small part of our total mental activity, much of which involves unconscious thoughts or forces (Leahey, 1995, p. 433). C. Structural Theory of the Mind Freud conceptualized the mind into what is called as three provinces equivalent to its functions: the id, ego and superego. The id is that aspect which only looks forward to gratifying any of its desires and without any delay. The ego is the structure of the mind which begins to develop during the first year of life, largely because a child’s demands for gratification cannot all be met immediately. The ego â€Å"stands for reason and good sense† (Freud, 1901, p. 22), for rational ways of coping with frustrations. It curbs the appetites of the id and makes plans that are compatible with social convention so that a person can find gratification yet avert the censure of others. In contrast to the id’s pleasure, the ego follows the reality principle. The reality principle has a policy of satisfying a wish or desire only if there is a socially acceptable outlet available (Halonen et al, 1996, p. 43). The superego develops throughout early childhood, usually incorporating the moral standards and value of parents and important members of the community through identification. The superego holds forth shining examples of an ideal self and also acts like the conscience, an internal moral guardian. Throughout life, the superego monitors the intentions of the ego and hands out judgment of right and wrong. It floods the ego with feelings of guilt and shame when the verdict is negative (Halonen et al, 1996, p. 43). As children learn that they must follow rules and regulations in satisfying their wishes, they develop a superego. The superego, which is Freud’s third division of the mind, develops from the ego during early childhood (Hurlock, 196, p. 66). Through interactions with the parents or caregivers, a child develops a superego by taking on or incorporating the parents’ or caregivers’ standards, values, and rules. The superego’s power is in making the person feel guilty if the rules are discovered; the pleasure-seeking, id wants to avoid feeling guilty. It is motivated to listen to the superego as a moral guardian or conscience that is trying to control the id’s wishes and impulses (Hilgard, et al, 1979). From the Freudian perspective, a healthy personality has found ways to gratify most of the id’s demands without seriously offending the superego. Most of the id’s remaining demands are contained or repressed. If the ego is not a good problem solver or if the superego is too stern, the ego will have a hard time of it (Halonen et al, 1996, p. 43). D. Therapeutic goals Sigmund Freud offered a psychoanalytic viewpoint on the diagnosis and understanding of a person’s mental health. Other perspectives, the behavioristic paradigm offers to see this in a different light. The psychoanalytic perspective emphasizes childhood experiences and the role of the unconscious mind in determining future behavior and in explaining and understanding current based on past behavior. Basing on his personality constructs of the Id, Ego and the Superego, Freud sees a mentally healthy person as possessing what he calls Ego strength. On the other hand, the behavior therapist sees a person as a â€Å"learner† in his environment, with the brain as his primary organ of survival and vehicle for acquiring his social functioning. With this paradigm, mental health is a result of the environment’s impact on the person; he learns to fear or to be happy and therein lies the important key in understanding a person’s mental state. Considering that the achievement and maintenance of mental health is one of the pursuits of psychology, the following is a brief outline of what psychologists would endorse a healthy lifestyle. The individual must consider each of the following and incorporate these in his/her day to day affairs: 1. The Medical doctor’s viewpoint – well-being emphasis than the illness model 2. The Spiritual viewpoint- a vital spiritual growth must be on check. 3. The Psychologist’s viewpoint- emotional and relationship factors in balance. 4. The Nutritionist’s viewpoint – putting nutrition and health as top priority. 5. The Fitness Expert’s viewpoint- Exercise as part of a daily regimen. The theory I have in mind then is an amalgamation of several approaches, primarily the integration of the Christian worldview and the theories set forth by Cognitive-behaviorists and psychoanalytic models, and biological/physical continuum. There are other good models but a lot of reasons exist why they cannot be â€Å"good enough;† a lot depends on my own personality. Being authentic to who you are, your passion, is effectively communicated across an audience whether it is a negative or positive one. The basic way of doing the â€Å"amalgamation† or integration is that the Christian worldview takes precedence over the rest of the approaches. Although many of the concepts and premises of each theory mentioned are sound and at times efficacious, when it clashes with the faith-based theory, the former must give way to the latter. It is understood then, that I thoroughly examined each of the theory and set them against the backdrop of spirituality. Interpreting a problem that a client suffers for instance, entails that the theoretical viewpoint that I am convinced with, has better chances of properly understanding the maladjustments that the client had been suffering. To come up with the balanced worldview (an integration in other words), the balance between the realms mentioned, including the true frame of human individuals and the true nature of God (or theology) are properly considered. Thoroughly accepting the fact that there is no contest between the natural and the spiritual; only that troubles arise when one realm is overemphasized at the expense of another. This thin line or slight tension between the two levels is best expressed in the personhood of Jesus Christ, who was a perfect man as well as God. If we start to equate ourselves with that notion (which is usually happening) and we start to think that we are balanced, then we surely lack understanding or real self-awareness of the fact that we are deeply and seriously out of balance and this is one reason why we need help. ~ What are your general goals in therapy? Christian counseling admittedly embraces in reality, a basic integration of the biblical precepts on the view of man and psychology’s scientific breakthroughs in addressing the dilemmas that beset human individuals. Depending on the persuasion of the practitioner, especially whether he or she comes from either the purely theological or â€Å"secular† preparation, Christian counseling can either lean to certain degrees of theology or psychology. According to Larry Crabb, â€Å"If psychology offers insights which will sharpen our counseling skills and increase our effectiveness, we want to know them. If all problems are at core spiritual matters we don’t want to neglect the critically necessary resources available through the Lord by a wrong emphasis on psychological theory† (Crabb in Anderson et al, 2000). Dr. Crabb’s position certainly ensures that science in particular, has its place in counseling in as much as theology does. He made sure that all means are addressed as the counselor approaches his profession, especially in the actual conduction of both the diagnostic and therapeutic or intervention phases (Crabb in Anderson et al. , 2000). Trauma inducing and crisis triggering situations have spiraled its occurrence and in its primacy in the US and in many other countries in recent years. Its broad spectrum ranges from the national disaster category such as that of Hurricane Katrina or the 911 terrorist strikes in New York, Spain and England, to private instances such as a loved one’s attempt at suicide, the murder of a spouse or child, the beginning of mental illness, and the worsening situation of domestic violence (Teller et al, 2006). The acute crisis episode is a consequence of people who experience life-threatening events and feel overwhelmed with difficulty resolving the inner conflicts or anxiety that threaten their lives. They seek the help of counselors, paramedics and other health workers in crisis intervention centers to tide them over the acute episodes they are encountering. These are defining moments for people and must be adequately addressed else they lead lives with dysfunctional conduct patterns or disorders (Roberts et al, 2006). In the integrated or eclectic approach the goal of the therapy is not just relief to the patient or client. Although an immediate relief is very helpful, this may not always be the case in most illnesses. The goal as mentioned in the preceding pages is to provide long-term reduction of the symptoms and the occurrence of the disease altogether if possible. The management then is not impossible but neither is this easy. Specifically, the counselee or patient must want to heal or believe that there is going to be curative effects in the process. It presupposes that he/she must learn to trust the therapist in his/her capabilities as well in leading or facilitating the changes or modifications. It is very much essential that (in the perspective of a cognitive-behaviorist) that the client understands ownership to the deeds and choices in thought patterns he/she made are crucial to the recurring or occurring condition that s/he experiences (Rubinstein et al. , 2007; Corey, 2004). Moreover, the identification of specific treatments or interventions according to the diagnosed issue will be accommodated and implemented based on the chosen treatment modalities fit with the therapeutic approach utilized. It may be a single modality based on a single approach (e. g. , learning principles and desensitization for a patient with specific phobias) or it maybe a combination of many modalities (CBT, Rogerian, Phenomenological, or Family systems) (Rubinstein et al. , 2007; Corey, 2004). E. Summary Every theoretical approach has its own assumptions. In the psychodynamic theory, the following three assumptions help guide a student of human behavior or an expert in this field determine the underlying factors that explain the overt manifestations of specific behaviors. These assumptions therefore, help guide the diagnosis of the presence or absence of mental illness. They are the same assumptions that guide the therapist in choosing what treatment that will better help heal, cure or alleviate the symptoms. These assumptions are: â€Å"There are instinctive urges that drive personality formation. † â€Å"Personality growth is driven by conflict and resolving anxieties. † â€Å"Unresolved anxieties produce neurotic symptoms† (Source: â€Å"Models of abnormality†, National Extension College Trust, Ltd). The goals of treatment here include to alleviate patient of the symptoms is to uncover and work through unconscious conflict. The task of psychoanalytic therapy is â€Å"to make the unconscious conscious to the patient† (â€Å"Models of abnormality†, National Extension College Trust, Ltd). Employing the psychodynamic viewpoint, the therapist or social scientist believes that emotional conflicts, or neurosis, and/or disturbances in the mind are caused by unresolved conflicts which originated during childhood years. Reference: Corey, Gerald, 2004. Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy. Thomson Learning, USA. Corey, Gerald. 2001. The Art of Integrative Counseling. Article 29: â€Å"Designing an Integrative Approach to Counseling Practice† Retrieved May 9, 2009 in http://counselingoutfitters. com/vistas/vistas04/29. pdf Crabb, Larry, 2000. Found in Anderson et al resource. Christ-centered therapy. http://books. google. com/books? id=Rn-f2zL01ZwCpg=PA11lpg=PA11dq=effective+biblical+counseling+by+larry+crabb+critiquesource=webots=WFVYLIqP1nsig=MqIhqE_XfGzIQODAKV5iMPjqz14#PPA19,M1 Davison, Gerald C. and John M. Neale. 2001. Abnormal Psychology. Eighth ed. John Wiley Sons, Inc. Ellis, Albert 2001. Overcoming Destructive Beliefs, Feelings, and Behaviors: New Directions for Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy. Prometheus Books Kaplan, HI, BJ Saddock and JA Grebb. 1994. Kaplan and Saddock’s Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral Sciences clinical psychiatry. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins. Benjamin, Ludy T. Jr. 2006. A brief history of Psychology. Wiley-Blackwell; 1 edition. Bobgan, Martin Deidre. 1987. Psychology: Science or Religion? From Psychoheresy: The psychological seduction of Christianity. Eastgate Publishers. Retrieved May 6, 2009. http://www. rapidnet. com/~jbeard/bdm/Psychology/psych. htm Boring, Edwin G. et. al. 1948. Foundat

Elements of Relationship in D.H. Lawrences Works Essay -- D.H. Lawren

After spending a semester experiencing and analyzing the work of D.H. Lawrence, it has become obvious that he had several messages to convey to his audience. Through his characters, Lawrence commented on the condition of England, on social issues, and also on relationships. In his novels Sons and Lovers, Women in Love, and Lady Chatterley's Lover, Lawrence reveals three important aspects of relationships, and shows his audience the devastating results when one or more of those aspects are missing. When it comes to intellectual, spiritual and sexual connections, Lawrence makes it clear that all of these elements must be present in order for a relationship to be successful; it's either all or none. Lawrence's first example of relational incompleteness comes through Paul in Sons and Lovers. By the middle of the novel, the reader is well aware of Paul's connection to his mother, Mrs. Morel. Paul's awareness of his mother comes in the notion that ?when she fretted he understood, and could have no peace,? (51) and also in the way they act like excited ?lovers having an adventure together.? (81) Through Paul?s relationships, Lawrence reveals how ?an exaggerated intense spiritual love from the parents,? can make it difficult for the receiver of that love to cultivate healthy relationships outside the familial sphere. (Yudhishtar, 87) Because of his deep spiritual connection with his mother, it is difficult for Paul to give himself to other women, as can be seen through his relationship with Miriam. Although Paul likes Miriam and the two get along very well, his connection to his mother prevents the young man from really giving himself to her. Paul is turned off not only by how spiritual Miriam makes him (165), but also ... ...ming deeply connected spiritually with one?s children, and how that connection can prove disastrous for non-familial relations. Through Birkin, Ursula, Gudrun and Gerald in Women in Love, he shows the crippling effects that result when intellect is emphasized drastically more than spirituality and sexuality. Lawrence arrives at a perfect balance between Connie and Mellors in Lady Chatterley?s Lover, and although Connie suffers through two failed relationships before meeting success, Lawrence shows that intellectual, spiritual and sexual connects can indeed simultaneously exist on the same plane. Through these characters, Lawrence demonstrates the importance of having a balance of all three ingredients. Without a physical connection based on spirituality and a common intellect, Sir Jon would not be able to ?say good night to Lady Jane?with a hopeful heart.? (328)

Discuss the major components of an academic essay,outlining the role that each component plays. Essay

An academic essay is a systematic piece of writing which has a coherent and cohesion meaning. Basically, an academic essay is mainly characterized by an introduction, the body, the conclusion and the reference as shall be discussed forth with. To begin with, an introduction as stressed by McMillan and Weyers (2010: 90) â€Å"has to be the first contact that the reader makes with the author of the text.† This, therefore means it (the introduction) has to be well organized and clear, that is, short and precise to the subject matter or the topic. In support, Cleary et al (2013: 264) writes, â€Å"The introduction is the official start of your essay and introduces your reader to the subject.† Furthermore, Gamble and Gamble (2010: 371) supports the idea of the introduction being the first to impress the subject matter or points to be stressed. They further explain that, â€Å"The functions of an introduction are to gain the attention of the audience members, to make them listen to the speech.† Just like Gamble, Payne (2001) gives an emphasis on getting the attention of the audience through introducing the subject. Payne (ibid) suggests that, the introduction has to bring about the topic, that is, highlighting the audience or the reader about the subject or topic. In addition to that, Gamble (ibid) further shows that, in the introduction one of the ultimate goals to be built is rapport. This therefore, means creating or having a mutual relation of understanding with the audience. Cleary (2013: 265) suggests that, â€Å"an introduction has to explain the title as necessary: defining terms used in the title and explains the purpose in writing the subject matter.† This means, educating the audience or reader about the topic and thereby, giving adequate information relating to the subject. In addition, McMillan (i bid) gives an emphasis on the importance of the introduction being brief and, thereby explaining of the topic context. Meaning the introduction has to be clear and making the topic being clearly understood by everyone. Pritchard (2008) also highlights on the formulation of the relation between the audiences so as to deliver the information effectively. More so, Payne (ibid), further outlines that the role of the introduction is to create focusting of the major ideas of the subject matter. Again, this creates the map of the rest of the piece of work or document or speech, giving directions and highlights of what is going to happen through the course of the writing. In support, McMillan (2010:89) suggests that, â€Å"an introduction should have an explanation of how one is going to plan to address the topic in a particular text-in effect statement on intent.† Furthermore, Cleary (2013: 265) suggests that, â€Å"an introduction has to briefly state the structure of the essay by giving the main points.† This thereby gives the reader a clear picture on the title, the purpose of writing, the focus and the essay structure writes. Furthermore, an introduction should not be too difficult to understand. The use of simple language which is widely accepted gives credibility and the use of jargons it should not be used when introducing a topic. There should not be any ambiguity when introducing a topic. After the introduction, an academic essay should have the body. This, as writes Payne (2001: 416), â€Å"Is the main portion of the speech.† This therefore, means that the use of good joints of sentences is widely encouraged. This part therefore provides all the facts, evidence, critical analysis, discussion and a well built up side line of the story or the topic. As a result, the main ideas or the gist of the topic are easily attainabl e efficiently. In addition to, McMillan et al indicates that, â€Å"This section (the body) lays out the work based on the approach which one has decided to adopt in organizing the content.† This part of the essay needs to be dealt with great care, as organizing the information is crucial. Since the idea needs proper and crucial alignment, this therefore explains the importance of a good essay structure with a good planning of words and a coherent of good words in sentence construction. Clouse (2008) asserts that, the body consists of two major parts which are the topic sentence and the supporting details. The topic sentence has to present the main topic of the paragraph and announces the paragraph’s main idea, giving a map. Also, the supporting details are the evidence details provided to demonstrate the truth about the topic sentence. In other words, the body has to explain the major points, generalizing, describing or exemplifying as part of the analysis (McMillan). In addition, these authors also allude on keeping the body part as concise and clear as possible; this thereby means the body has to have less ambiguity in it. CEES (ed.) applauds that the body part of an academic essay writing has to serve the purpose of giving evidence, examples, references which relates to the topic sentence. This as a result, gives the audience a clear and a well defined picture of what is being meant by the topic sentence in play. In addition, CEES ibid points out that, th e body presents the topic sentence or the central idea supporting the thesis  statement or line of argument. In line with Cleary (2013: 135-136), paragraphs should be well constructed and of meaning and this is when sentences are arranged in such a way that they link to one another giving clarity to the reader. Such coherence can be achieved by arranging the sentences in the sequence that will best communicate the message to the reader through the inclusion of signpost words or signals which guides the reader. Also, a smooth flow of ideas makes the essay much more interesting, that is, cohesive meaning of the thoughts or ideas pertaining to the topic being discussed. Again, this uses transitions between paragraphs in order to ensure a perfect flow of ideas. However, the conclusion in an essay serves the purpose of summarizing the presentation. More so, McMillan (91) defines a conclusion as a summary of the whole piece of work. Therefore, a good conclusion has to present and clarify what has been discussed, evaluated, analyzed, and stated in the master piece (the body) party of the essay. Furthermore, Redman (2006) gives an emphasis that, proper conclusions has to revisit the key points or the main points of one’s argument, summarizing the key debates raised and try to fuse them. Therefore, the conclusion should provide a condensed version of the essay’s core argument, and restating the writer’s position in essay. Also, Cleary ibid purports that, in the conclusion, ideas not mentioned before should not be introduced as this thereby changes the focus of the conclusion. Payne ibid (2001: 424), indicates that, â€Å"Conclusion is the summarizing of the major ideas.† One does not have to review everything said in the speech, but a short piece reminds the audience of what is important. The conclusion has to serve the purpose of clarifying the issues or ideas one has just discussed. In addition to that, Cleary ibid says, â€Å"The component of a conclusion is to serve as a summary of the main points, usually referring to the thesis statement.† Besides serving as a summary, a good conclusion should be used to heighten the impact of the presentation writes Gamble (2010: 374). The conclusion must be a synthetic summary which therefore provides a platform of mutual understanding. Furthermore, it must grace the piece of work in such a manner that the major audience notes the major points or ideas of the summary as a whole (Payne). This means, a good conclusion has to be justified for recommendations. Again, a conclusion should be short, clarifying and emphasizing on the main topic of the writing, or the subject matter. Therefore, this acts as a tool in making the presentation of the rest of the topic to be well remembered through a bracing conclusion (Payne ibid). To embrace more on a good academic essay, references should be made so as to applaud the works of others (A2Z Essay). Cleary ibid (2013: 361) defines, â€Å"Referencing as a standardized method of acknowledging printed or electronic sources of information and idea that one have used in the essay, in a way that uniquely identifies their source.† Furthermore, referencing is an act of back acknowledging the works of others in any borrowed fact so as to keep the works of others safe from any plagiarism claims (A2Z). Simply put, referencing is necessary to avoid plagiarism; to enable readers to verify quotations; and to enable readers to follow up and read more fully cited author’s argument or research. On another note, reference gives proof that allows the readers or audiences to consult the source in case of confusion or furthe r discussions. Again, references acts as an assessment tool in the sense that it requires one to find reliability of the sources of the text, similarities and differences among the sources and making connection between the details (

Pablo Picasso Essay - 1216 Words

Pablo Picasso One of the greatest most influential artists of the 20th century, and was considered radical. His name was, Pablo Diego Josà © Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno Marà ­a de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santà ­sima Trinidad Martyr Patricio Clito Ruiz y Picasso, but we all call him Pablo Picasso. His incredibly long name was supposed to honor relatives and saints. Picasso, the father of cubism, and is remembered as a prolific artist of the twentieth century. Pablo Picasso was born on October 25, 1881 in Malaga, Spain. He had two sisters, Lola and Conchita. His father was an art teacher and he taught some of it to Pablo. From the age of seven, Picasso received formal artistic training from his father in figure drawing and oil†¦show more content†¦He started working in cubism art in 1907. Picasso produced paintings like never before anyone had done before. One of his paintings were Les Demoiselles dAvignon, a chilling depiction of five nude prostitutes, abstracted and distorted with sharp geometric features and stark blotches of blues, greens and grays (Pablo Picasso). Picasso’s painting shocked many, including artists. In Cubist paintings, objects are broken apart and reassembled in an abstracted form, highlighting their composite geometric shapes and depicting them from multiple, simultaneous viewpoints in order to create physics-defying, collage-like effects. At once destructive and creative, Cubism shocked, appalled and fascinated the art world. It made me feel as if someone was drinking gasoline and spitting fire, Braque said, explaining that he was shocked when he first viewed Picassos Les Demoiselles, but quickly became intrigued with Cubism, seeing the new style as a revolutionary movement (Pablo Picasso). Cubism is when the objects in the painting are broken apart and abstracted. They are also depicted from multiple, simultaneous viewpoints in order to create a physics-defying effect. Right away, Cubism either shocked or fascinated the art world. After the start of World War I, Picasso began another period known as the Classical Period. This period occurred during 1918-1927. He grew more somber during this period and he beganShow MoreRelatedPablo Picasso Essay1248 Words   |  5 PagesWho was Pablo Picasso? Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) is commonly considered to be one of the greatest twentieth-century radical European surrealist and cubist painters and sculptors to have lived, if not the greatest modern artist that Spain has ever produced. His prolific portfolio included experimentation in everything from printmaking to ceramics, although oil painting was for most of his career his primary medium. 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